C. she easily recalls her negative feelings about shoplifting. Megargee, E. I. (2003). conformity was least for Group I (ages 7-9), increased to a maximum for Group II (ages 11-13), and decreased again for Group III (ages 9.0 8.0 / - 57.0 O /L~ MALES - O 6.0 4.0 Conformity - University of Notre Dame Explain the concept of psychological reactance and describe how and when it might occur. Conformity to group pressures can also result in groupthink, or the faulty decision-making process that results from cohesive group members trying to maintain group harmony. Informational Social Influence, Tendency to conform to positive expectations of the group (usually as a means of gaining approval), Tendency to employ other people as a source of information, When are people most likely to conform? Abnormality as a positive characteristic: The development and validation of a scale measuring need for uniqueness. Cultural differences: People from collectivist cultures are more likely to conform. Groupthinkis the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint or more extreme viewpoint. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. In large urban areas, Black felony defendants are over 25% more likely than white defendants to be held pretrial. In a separate related study, Asch had all but one confederate give the wrong answer and found that only 5% of participants followed the majority of the group when they had at least one ally. Psychological reactance occurs when people feel that their ability to choose which behaviors to engage in is eliminated or threatened with elimination. This makes sense because self-esteem rises when we know we are being accepted by others, and people with lower self-esteem have a greater need to belong. Skilled basketball players will be more likely to make a free throw basket when surrounded by a cheering audience than when playing alone in the gym (figure below). Two psychologists working at Yale University, Robert Blake and Jack W. Brehm, had discovered that grouppressure experiments can be conducted without requiring the actual presence of confederates.. Conformity does not necessarily mean good team work, study finds Then consider the role of underlying human goalsconcern for self and concern for others. When participants were faced with opposition, they were more likely to conform to the group. Keep in mind, however, that the fact that men are perceived as effective leaders, and are more likely to become leaders, does not necessarily mean that they are actually better, more effective leaders than women. See if others conform to your behavior. . a. 2. In. One way that women can react to this double-bind in which they must take on masculine characteristics to succeed, but if they do they are not liked, is to adopt more feminine leadership styles, in which they use more interpersonally oriented behaviors such as agreeing with others, acting in a friendly manner, and encouraging subordinates to participate in the decision-making process (Eagly & Johnson, 1990; Eagly et al., 1992; Wood, 1987). In this case, conformity is looking to the group for information and direction (this happens when a person lacks knowledge). Research shows that conformity to peers peaks in mid-adolescence, around age 14. They want to be right: informational influence. When in a large group (3-5 people are more influential than a large group), Support of a single fellow dissident (someone who opposes) greatly increases social courage, -A group of 3-5 people will be more influential than a large group Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1977). Of course, parents are sometimes aware of this potential, and even use reverse psychologyfor example, telling a child that she cannot go outside when they really want her to, hoping that reactance will occur. The table belowsummarizes the types of social influence you have learned about in this chapter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 10041010. Porter, N., Geis, F. L., Cooper, E., & Newman, E. (1985). The power of the situation can lead people to conform, or go along with the group, even in the face of inaccurate information. For instance, in the current U.S. Senate, 83% of the members are men. Have you ever had to contribute more than your fair share because your fellow group members werent putting in the work? After they were asked as a group, they were then asked again individually. For example, feeling like you have to change your appearance or personality to be a member of a group might lower your self-esteem. What is the general set up of Milgram's study of obedience? Social Psychology: Obedience and Authority | SparkNotes Forbidden fruit versus tainted fruit: Effects of warning labels on attraction to television violence. Identification is conforming based on social roles. Not all intergroup interactions lead to the negative outcomes we have described. Nyquist, L. V., & Spence, J. T. (1986). (1969). b. Frank realized that he was starting to like jazz music, in part because his roommate liked it. Another form of social influence is obedience to authority. Going along versus going alone: When fundamental motives facilitate strategic (non)conformity. New York, NY: Academic Press; Miron, A. M., & Brehm, J. W. (2006). Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. By Kendra Cherry They were asked to choose a line that matched the length of one of three different lines. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 569591. T-or-C, NM (Over 350 words) c. When a situation is a crisis. Status: People may be more likely to conform in situations where they feel that others have a higher status level than they do. Review research concerning the relationship between culture and conformity. On the other hand, if we perceive that others are trying to force our conformity, the influence pressure may backfire, resulting in the opposite of what the influencer intends. a. individual performance cannot be evaluated. Statusindividuals are more likely to conform with high-status groups. The team, led by Dr Tali Sharot (UCL Affective Brain Lab), monitored the brain activity of individuals in groups of five people choosing food or drink they'd like to consume before and after being told the most popular choice in their group. Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Social Psychology: Exam #2 (From Reading Quizzes) This behavior is best understood in terms of deindividuation. Potential Pitfalls of Conformity Why People Do Not Comply with Pandemic Guidelines The study shows that people who do not conform are most likely to work together for the greater good, while conforming to social norms can actually make people less likely to co-operate. 2.3 Person Differences in Conformity - myText CNM They first estimated the number individually and then later as a group. Conformity is usually quite adaptive overall, both for the individuals who conform and for the group as a whole. However, if others seem unconcerned, you are likely to stay put and continue watching the movie (figure below). Psychological Bulletin, 85, 86116. Good luck trying to convince your professor to only assign easy projects. Similarly, when the authority of the experimenter decreased, so did obedience. social norms), 1. In social loafing individual performance cannot be evaluated; however, in social facilitation individual performance can be evaluated. B. they have highest need for uniqueness. Answered: Which of the following is true, | bartleby Although we have focused to this point on the situational determinants of conformity, such as the number of people in the majority and their unanimity and status, we have not yet considered the question of which people are likely to conform and which people are not. People often comply with the request because they are concerned about a consequence if they do not comply. Sometimes being in a group situation can improve performance. The correct answer to the line segment question was obvious, and it was an easy task. But social influence does not always produce conformity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 8793. There are several strategies that can improve group decision making including seeking outside opinions, voting in private, having the leader withhold position statements until all group members have voiced their views, conducting research on all viewpoints, weighing the costs and benefits of all options, and developing a contingency plan (Janis, 1972; Mitchell & Eckstein, 2009). The public or private nature of the responses: When responses are made publicly (in front of others), conformity is more likely; however, when responses are made privately (e.g., writing down the response), conformity is less likely (Deutsch & Gerard, 1955). AP Psych Unit 9 Notes: Conformity, Compliance - Fiveable 'An unimaginable tragedy': Greece train crash death toll likely to rise Conduct a conformity study the next time you are in an elevator. Some of the best-known experiments on the psychology of conformity deal with people going along with the group, even when they know the group is wrong. What Is Conformity? Why Do We Conform? - Science ABC During the 1950s, psychologist Solomon Asch conducted a series of experiments known as the Asch conformity experiments that demonstrated the impact of social pressure on individual behavior. Introduction to Psychology chapter 13 by - Issuu One common example is sports. Solved In the context of personality, who among the | Chegg.com When other people are experts. In some instances, we conform to the expectations of the group in order to avoid looking foolish. The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the. SolomonAschconducted several experiments in the 1950s to determine how people are affected by the thoughts and behaviors of other people. People least likely to conform have: This happens when you perform a difficult task and your individual performance can be evaluated. The participants were told that they were to teach other students (learners) correct answers to a series of test items. As a result, 6000 American soldiers were killed and many more civilians died. The word "nigga" is not a term of endearment for people of color, it is a slang term for people of color programmed to call and think of each other as "niggers". Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of thought. c. Jennifer went to the mall with her friends so that they could help her choose a gown for the upcoming prom.
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