Head coverings were first written into law around 13th Century BC, in an ancient Assyrian text that mandated that women, daughters and widows cover their heads as a sign of piety. Another important factor that impacts on prison conditions is the policy of the local FSIN officials and of the governor of the specific prison. Headscarves may be worn for a variety of purposes, such as protection of the head or hair from rain, wind, dirt, cold, warmth, for sanitation, for fashion, recognition or social distinction; with religious significance, to hide baldness, out of modesty, or other forms of social convention. Failure to meet production targets often results in restrictions on visits, compulsory physical exercise and, most importantly, a refusal to be granted early release from prison. Cookie Notice Aside from the federal budget subsidy, the FSIN receives revenue generated by manufacturing plants operating in penal colonies. Pavlovsky Posad shawls are very reasonably priced at just 1,500-4,000 rubles ($20-$40), but they last for many years, offer good protection against the cold and always look fashionable. Most contracts under which prisoner labour is used cover the production of clothes, textiles and foodstuffs, as well as the execution of construction works. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. One example is Ildar Dadin, a political prisoner sentenced for repeated protests. The way they sounded determined the nature of their owner. From rainbow to gray: The evolution of hair dye, "There is this underlying idea of having your head covered as a way of symbolizing being a respectable person," said fashion and textile historian Nancy Deihl of New York University in a phone interview. "It embodied putting a good face forward and remaining appropriate despite being in the midst of war.". Moreover, the shawls are knitted either entirely by hand, just like they were 300 years ago, or sometimes partially by hand with certain designs executed on a knitting machine. You would be hard pressed to find another country where headscarves are as popular as they are in Russia. In recent years, the most appalling cases reported by the media included the torture of Yevgeny Makarov in penal colony no. Essentially, they are silk scarves with printed patterns. The lace, which resembles the patterns made by frost crystals on a window, looks both elegant and unique. With a policy of official secularism, the Turkish government has traditionally banned women who wear headscarves from working in the public sector (MERO Apr. He offered bribes to prison guards, which enabled him to use rooms intended for staff only, order caviar to his cell, made shashliks and used private health care, Most Russian penal colonies and prisons were built back in Stalinist times. In achieving this peace of mind, they are usually helped by the prison committee (Russian: ) or a small group of prisoners associated with criminal groups, who are ready to use violence to pacify the rebellious fellow inmates. The Ossetian scarf is light in color and weights just 100-200 grams while offering excellent protection against the bright sun. In the 1960s, the headscarf became a go-to among political counterculture and experimental fashion movements, from geometric Mod styles to agragrian bohemian looks. Moreover, neither the convicts nor their families know the trains destination. The reason behind the high number of prisoners in Russia is the repressive nature of the Russian judiciary as a whole. These can be Turkish ornaments (paisley), floral designs or printed patterns. In the least strict penal colonies, the so-called, and tuberculosis. Russia is among the countries with the highest number of prisoners. In this way, a parallel market is being created for the FSINs needs, in which prices are regulated top-down, labour is virtually unpaid and statistics are fake. Which is better Absolut, Stolichnaya, or Smirnoff vodka? ". The absence of supervision of what happens in prisons by independent institutions aggravates the repressive nature of the system as a whole and affords new opportunities for using it as a tool of political repression[32]. In reality, Black and mixed women had already been wrapping their hair as a marker of an identity separate from the mainstream," said Jonathan Michael Square, a scholar of fashion and visual culture in the African diaspora at Harvard University. ?, https://meduza.io/feature/2018/12/14/vizhu-novosti-pro-istoricheskiy-minimum-zaklyuchennyh-v-rossii-eto-iz-za-zakona-den-za-poltora-kolonii-massovo-zakryvayut, [3] . , , www.kipkr.fsin.su/upload/territory/Kipkr/mtb/ .pdfa, [5] Cf . , . , . , , , 15 March 2017, https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/03/15/58c702399a79473b36f47d9c, [6] . Here, the scarf is put over the head, while its ends are not tied in a knot but are simply crossed and thrown back to fix the headdress. They donned bobbed hairdos, participated in sports and fitness, and covered their hair while riding in new convertible automobiles, according to fashion historian Sarah C. Byrd. In most prisons, informal rules prevail over the official code of conduct. There are no local laws that prescribe headscarves and, as far as . 2023 BBC. Share. Down Shawls. Prison uniform - Wikipedia Trade Minister Ann Linde led a business delegation last week, Sweden has declared itself the world's first feminist government, EU foreign affairs chief Federica Mogherini also wore a headscarf during a visit to Tehran in April last year, Ann Linde signs documents with Iran's vice-president for women and family affairs, Shahindokht Molaverdi, Michelle Obama was in Saudi Arabia in January 2015, Harry: I always felt different to rest of family, Street fighting in Bakhmut but Russia not in control, Everything Everywhere wins big ahead of Oscars, US-made cheese can be called 'gruyere' - court, Mbappe breaks PSG goal record in win over Nantes, Alex Murdaugh's legal troubles are far from over, PM to end asylum claims from small boat arrivals. The Keffiyeh is commonly used by Muslim men. This code sets the rules of prison life, including the standards of addressing guards and fellow prisoners, the rules regarding tattoos, and other detailed requirements, such as the ban on using the colour red in prison. African women have worn headscarves for many years for religious, cultural reasons and even as a fashion statement but they were traditionally worn by older, usually married women. It's also traditional in church, see Ap. Due to their remote location and inaccessibility, these colonies are less frequently inspected by external bodies and the control mechanisms are weak. Most recent amendments to the penal code have toughened the penalties[4]. The most well-known example of this was the statement by Vladimir Putin in which he justified the Russian air raids on Grozny, which marked the beginning of the war in Chechnya in 1999, using words derived from criminal slang he said that he will waste the terrorists in the outhouse. The consequences of wearing the scarf illegally were public humiliation or arrest. Why can Russia not admit that the real reason for invading Ukraine is to prevent revolution in Russia when a flourishing westernized modern democratic ukrainian government proves that Russian Putlerocracy is a complete failure? It must also have an edging ribbon. What's the difference between a hijab, niqab and burka? However, we soon . Ukraines economy in wartime | OSW Centre for Eastern Studies, Russias war budget for 20232025 | OSW Centre for Eastern Studies, Putins article: On the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians | OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. The headscarf has been declared a deprecatory garment, and so every woman wearing a headscarf has been deemed an oppressed housewife living in a parallel society. In India, head coverings are worn by most women, including 59% of Russian political activist and former prisoner Nadezhda Tolokonnikova (file photo) Such was her experience at the prison that Tolokonnikova campaigned for prisoner rights once she was released. In recent years, it has become increasingly popular, Most often, prisoner transport is organised in special windowless railroad carriages known as Stolypin cars, in which prisoners in groups of ten are transported in compartments measuring 3.4 m, The conditions in which the prisoners serve their sentences depend on the type of the specific penal colony. The absence of supervision of what happens in prisons by independent institutions aggravates the repressive nature of the system as a whole and affords new opportunities for using it as a tool of political repression, https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2017/03/15/58c702399a79473b36f47d9c, http://www.cdep.ru/index.php?id=79&item=2074, http://antipytki.ru/2018/07/10/fsin-zloupotreblyaet-pravom-raspredeleniya-zaklyuchennyh-no-gotov-vstat-na-put-ispravleniya/, https://ria.ru/society/20170220/1488383898.html, https://rns.online/economy/FSIN-otsenil-godovie-dohodi-ot-proizvodstva-v-tyurmah-v-50-mlrd-rublei--2016-10-18/, Memorial Publishes Lists of Political Prisoners in Russia, https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2015/05/12/64098-s-chego-nachinaetsya-bunt, https://csr.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/20171017_Report-Prisons.pdf, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/report-russian-federation/, https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2018/08/20/n_11927161.shtml, Putins address: an attempt to unite Russians and blackmail the West, Putins neo-totalitarian project: the current political situation in Russia, Russia is massing forces for a new offensive. This extended system is used as a tool for exercising control over society and solidifying the system of power. Former prominent politicians, such as Alexei Ulyukaev, former minister of economic development, are now incarcerated in penal colonies. Headscarves worn that way also protected the neck from the wind. Disclaimers. "In mainstream culture, some women wore them to protect their hairstyles -- think big bouffants or straightened, styles that took some time to do," explained Byrd. A frequently selected career path involves enrolling at a school run by the FSIN, in which students are offered special training for prospective prison system employees from an early age (in some locations the FSIN even runs primary schools). (for example, people persecuted following the protests in Bolotnaya Square in Moscow in 2011 and 2012), as well as lawyers and journalists. When asked about the possible reform of the FSIN in connection with the reports on prisoners being tortured, he answered that it would be necessary to make the prison system more efficient but that no thorough changes are needed. Even though some proponents of the hijab ban have been described as supporters of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), women with favorable attitudes toward India's ruling party are actually more inclined to wear head coverings in public than women who do not favor the governing party. Why Do Women Wear Scarves on Their Heads? - MoodBelle A plain red or scarlet headscarf was worn by female commissars and other women aligning themselves with Bolshevism in times of Russian Revolution and civil war. Sweden defends officials wearing headscarves in Iran - BBC News Why do some Russian women wear headscarves? : r/AskARussian Its primary purpose at that period was to protect sheep herds against predators such as wolves, coyotes, and bears. Shawls from goat down knitted in Orenburg are . OSW | Orodek Studiw Wschodnich im. Actress Elizabeth Taylor considered the headscarf a key piece for a woman's wardrobe. Ms Linde said she would not wear one during an upcoming visit to Saudi Arabia. Hollywood starlets including Anna Mae Wong and Evelyn Brent were captured on and off the screen with sophisticated silk wraps or more bohemian scarves that were worn wide across their foreheads. cit. This intention is long gone, by the headscarf is still here. Why Russians use a head scarf ? In recent years, the most well-known political trials were those of Alexei Navalny. Some of those styles appeal to fashionistas even today. After he exposed cases of torture in his penal colony, he was taken to another location to serve the rest of his sentence and his transfer lasted one month. How to convert a semi auto ak47 to full auto? In terms of the number of prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants, Russia is ranked first in Europe and 17, The decrease in the number of inmates has mainly been linked to the fact that the courts pronounce prison sentences for minor crimes less frequently and tend to apply other penalties (such as non-custodial sentences or community service). The recidivism ratio also remains very high: around 63% of inmates in Russian prisons are reoffenders[3]. And yes, they wear a . Should Muslim women be allowed to wear scarves in jail? The Russian Prison Dog is a serious guardian breed that found its origin from the Caucasus mountain region. Unmarried women wear shawls with small patterns depicting flowers or feathers and short fringes, while married women have large patterns and long fringes on their shawls. In the unofficial hierarchy within the Russian services, the FSIN occupies the bottom rung. In most prisons, the state of repair and the overcrowding make it difficult for the inmates to maintain basic hygiene. Head scarf - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia But a great variety of scarves were produced in Russia as well. Prisoners can be restricted from wearing their own clothes by the prison based on the prison order or occupational safety. Russian shawls and headscarves known for its old traditions and finest elegance all over the world. Headscarves have remained a staple because of their versatility and cultural longevity. It is neither sewn nor knitted, but woven using fine silk, sometimes with the addition of folk designs. Female Orthodox believers in Russia don these garments when they attend church services to demonstrate their commitment to the Russian Orthodox faith. Where do Russian women get their exotic look. This small historic city in the Tver Region is famous for the ancient art of gold embroidery. While an ordinary kaz scarf has a fringe sewn on at one end, the wedding scarf has fringes on both ends. Last year, demonstrators in Denmark wore. Whereas Griner lived in a cell at her pre-trial detention center. Human rights defenders argue that the average monthly salary paid to prisoners working in prison manufacturing plants ranges between 400 and 5000 roubles (US$ 6 to 80 per month). Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Even then, she should cover her hair with a shawl or scarf. The Russian headscarf is a bright and warm accessory that goes equally well with a classic outfit, an ethno or boho chic look, and that can be used to add a feminine flourish to sportier styles. Other factors include the closing of a significant number of penal colonies with the least strict regime (over the last eight years almost a quarter of the total number of such colonies were closed down)[2]. 5 most famous Russian prisons and their convicts - Russia Beyond Russian women (and many others) sometimes wear headscarves to protect long hair during travelling or dirty work. Wool Scarves 10"x55" (27x140cm) Down Shawls. It is the vestment equivalent of signing yourself with the Cross when you enter a holy place. Textile & Fabrics. In the first seven months of 2018 alone, the Russian press revealed 24 cases of torture in prisons, Administration of the prison system and supervision of the thousands of inmates is the task of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) which employs 325,000 individuals, The Federal Penitentiary Service is a powerful financial machine. They are a . Beyond its utilitarian origins as a source of protection from the elements, the headscarf remains at the center of contentious debate about women's rights, identity, power and class. The Swedish government says that "equality between women and men is a fundamental aim of Swedish foreign policy". A similar proportion of prisoners are serving their sentences for drug dealing (25%)[5], which likely results from the fact that the proceedings regarding possession of drugs are straightforward and investigators use them as an easy means of demonstrating the activity and efficiency of the prosecution bodies. Everything You Need to Know About the Russian Prison Dog - Bubbly Pet Russian shawls and headscarves | RusClothing.com A headscarf on the woman's head symbolises diligence. Skilled lacemakers seem to be able to make just about any design out of fine thread, from traditional flowers to fairy tale characters. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Conservative groups uphold the traditions, from Catholic nuns who wear the habit, to married Orthodox Jewish women who don the tichel (a type of headscarf) or sheitel (a wig). This makes the FSIN a unique state within a state. But a great variety of scarves were produced in Russia as well. , Carnegie.ru, 20 November 2018, https://carnegie.ru/commentary/77743, [32] According to the report by Amnesty International, the level of social control and the transparency of the prison system has recently decreased, https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/russian-federation/report-russian-federation/. Prior to the court pronouncing their sentence, the suspects are held in remand centres. In the past, Turkish silk scarves and European lace shawls were especially desirable presents for both young girls and older women. "To call it a resurgence would be to say it was lost at some point -- instead I think there is now, more than ever, a sharing of knowledge between cultures. Not Every Woman Who Wears The Headscarf Is Oppressed Recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of political prisoners, which was mainly connected with the annexation of Crimea and the Russian-Ukrainian war a large number of Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians accused of extremism have recently been incarcerated in remand centres and penal colonies on political charges. Due to the geographical location of the penal colonies, prisoners serve their sentences far from their home towns. What is a cocktail with vodka and cranberry juice called? This way of wearing a headscarf is considered traditional for women in the southern parts of Russia. Political systems, geography and ethnicity also play a crucial role in how and if women choose to cover their heads. Silent film actress Anna May Wong was known for her taste in headscarves. Those penal colonies that are located in remote areas far from densely populated regions usually have harsher conditions: problems with running water and heating are common. As a consequence, prison overcrowding decreased only marginally and there has been no evident improvement in prison conditions. It has increased over recent years, However, this inefficiency is not a problem for the government because in Russia the prison system is mainly a part of the machine used for exerting control over society and ensuring the stability of the system of power. It particularly suits high and sleek hairstyles. out of practical reasons- protecting from cold weather. The headscarf was born out of necessity, with wearers across Mesopotamian societies using linens to safeguard their heads from the rain and sun, as well as aid in sanitation. Corruption is widespread in the prison system, which makes the conditions for serving a prison sentence dependent on the inmates financial status. In Turkic, the name of the scarf means "my flower." In 2017, the FSINs budget was 257.6 billion roubles (around US$ 4.5 billion), which accounts for around 1.5% of Russias total budgetary spending (more than twice as much as Moldovas total budgetary spending). By the time I was old enough to remember, she never took them out except to garden. Those girls whose jewellery sounded quietly were of mild nature and they got married first," Isaeva said. Since the late 18th century, the most recognizable traditional Russian headscarves have been produced in Pavlovsky Posad in the Moscow region, while the best-known winter headscarves knitted from down are made in Orenburg. This website uses cookies. She would drape one of the silk covers over her perfectly coiffed hair to protect it against the dry winds of the Colorado . Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox. How many people died and were injured in the Russian Revolution? Your email address will not be published. This places Russia first in Europe in terms of the number of prisoners per 100 000 inhabitants. Trade Minister Ann Linde led . The most prominent ones include Rus Sidyashchaya (Russia Behind Bars), the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, OVD-Info and Memorial. This is why the fate of the accused is decided by prosecutors during their investigations. I think the original intention was maybe to not get your long hair burnt by candles' fire in the church - and the ortodox churches still require women to cover their hair when entering. The importance of this individual is confirmed by the fact that in August 2018 the process of electing the new thief in law no. The image of Ms Lovin was widely seen as mocking a picture of Donald Trump signing an anti-abortion executive order surrounded by male aides and advisers. Masih Alinejad, an Iranian journalist and activist, posted an image of Swedish Deputy Prime Minister Isabella Lovin signing a climate bill surrounded by female colleagues earlier this month next to one of several female Swedish government officials wearing headscarves and greeting Mr Rouhani. Muslim women were the most common group we saw dressing modestly and wearing headscarves, or hijabs. In ordinary regime penal colonies, the supervision by the guards is much stricter, the inmates are housed in large barracks with up to 150 beds in each, are under constant supervision and cannot move around the facility freely. Several countries, including France, Germany and Austria, have limited women from wearing full-face coverings such as the niqab and burka in public spaces. Aside from the federal budget subsidy, the FSIN receives revenue generated by manufacturing plants operating in penal colonies. Organisations involved in defending prisoners rights and criticising the actions of the states law enforcement agencies operate under constant pressure and are aware that they may become subject to inspections and repressions at any time (this is why Olga Romanova, the leader of Rus Sidyashchaya, had to leave the country). They form a group that has its separate informal code of conduct (including a ban on disclosing the rules of prison life and details about the criminal world) and elects its own informal leader. Despite several attempts to reform the prison system in Russia, they still resemble the Soviet Gulag: human rights violations and torture are common, the prison service is a machine that knows well how to hide pathologies and earn extra money (for example, by taking bribes and engaging in financial swindles). In 2016, this stood at around 50 billion roubles, Around 2540% of prisoners perform paid work while serving their sentence, Human rights organisations point to the large number of politically-motivated criminal trials in Russia. How South African women are reclaiming the headscarf - BBC News Additionally, women were not allowed to enter a church without a headscarf. OVD-Info and Memorial, for their part, are two major organisations that gather and expose information on political prisoners, arrests and protests. Prison culture norms observed in Russias remand centres and penal colonies date back to Soviet times and are also valid in most of the republics of the former USSR. Other factors include the closing of a significant number of penal colonies with the least strict regime (over the last eight years almost a quarter of the total number of such colonies were closed down), The reason behind the high number of prisoners in Russia is the repressive nature of the Russian judiciary as a whole. November 7, 2008 at 3:00 a.m. Orange County Sheriff's officials are reviewing their policy over female prisoners wearing Muslim headscarves - known as hajibs - while in custody. The first reason is as a way of showing respect for the sanctity of the building into which they are entering. 5 Russian ways of wearing a headscarf (and not looking - Russia Beyond Andrey Stenin/Sputnik. Headscarves were forbidden to women of the lower classes and prostitutes. "Earlier, jingly jewellery was attached to girls' braids. All this enables FSIN officials to sell a portion of the manufactured goods in the grey market. They were already covering as more of a practical answer to the harsh climate and intense heat.". Russian patterns: Pavlovsky Posad Shawls are still in trend, Russian handicrafts: Why Vologda lace is back in style, 5 Russian ways of wearing a headscarf (and not looking like a babushka). This website uses cookies. In Soviet times, the local lace making factory made tablecloths and wraps depicting the Lenin Mausoleum and the hammer and sickle. Frequently, the individuals who receive support from the activists are victims of so-called commissioned cases or lawsuits brought by public prosecutors who had been bribed for example by the victims business competitors. Fashion plates for designs by French couturier Paul Poiret show headscarves in bold patterns, sometimes affixed with a centered jewel. Official FSIN data indicate that each year there are on average around 15 such riots but experts argue that the actual number is higher[17]. Throughout history, the headscarf has sat atop the heads of culture defining women -- and men -- from monarchs including Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II to the daring flappers of the 1920s. In recent years, the headscarf has been part of a resurgence of '90s trends. Try out these Russian headscarves as an alternative to an ordinary hat. Fashion houses including Louis Vuitton and Jacquemus have debuted head coverings with modern takes on classic patterns. Vologda is famous for its bobbin lace. The geographical location of penal colonies is linked to the concept of economic development adopted back in Soviet times, when prisoners were used as forced labour, such as during the construction of large-scale investments carried out by the Soviet state including the White SeaBaltic Canal and the BaikalAmur Mainline (BAM), as well as in forestry in harsh weather conditions in Karelia, for instance. In these regions, the role of FSIN is particularly significant. The conditions in which the prisoners serve their sentences depend on the type of the specific penal colony. In exchange for this, the penal colony supervisors offer them access to banned substances such as alcohol and drugs, as well as to mobile phones, and turn a blind eye to other violations of prison rules. Why do Russians use a head scarf? The most prominent ones include Rus Sidyashchaya (Russia Behind Bars), the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, , OVD-Info and Memorial. Reddit - Dive into anything There are regions in the Republic of Mordovia, the Komi Republic and Chuvashia, where work performed by prisoners and individuals employed by the FSIN accounts for a major portion of the local labour market[7]. The supervisors of penal colonies value their peace of mind (which is guaranteed when there are no protests and complaints to the public prosecutors office). A similar proportion of prisoners are serving their sentences for drug dealing (25%), The Russian penitentiary system is organised in a different manner to corresponding penal systems in most countries: instead of cells in prisons the inmates are housed in barracks in penal colonies. [23] . , : , op. In different regions of Dagestan this scarf has different names and is variously called gumeldi, gulmendo, gormendo, kalgai (the old name of a type of silk) and kelagai. The Republic of Chechnya is the only Russian region where women are forced, or rather, strongly encouraged, to wear headscarves. The Swedish government has defended its decision to have its officials wear headscarves during a trip to Iran, saying that failing to do so would have broken the law. Do you know this baby? Scarves and shawls embroidered in Torzhok have always been considered desirable presents. The Republic of Mordovia is a special case, because it hosts a large number of penal colonies within a relatively small territory. World War II saw the return of the utilitarian headscarf, as women in the UK and US took up jobs in factories as men went off to fight.
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