shockley queisser limit bandgap shockley queisser limit bandgap

Phys. 0 (From Shockley-Queisser limit Wiki pages) There are three primary considerations in the calculation. In the following, we start with the demonstration of the integrated SP triple-junction cells for solution-processed organic solar cells. More realistic limits, which are lower than the ShockleyQueisser limit, can be calculated by taking into account other causes of recombination. Now, the challenge remains to replace the vacuum-deposited metal electrode with a solution-processed, highly transparent electrode without deteriorating the performance of the established subcells beneath. The Ozdemir-Barone method considers two additional factors in calculating the solar efficiency limit, namely, the frequency dependence of the absorption and reflectance in certain materials. volume6, Articlenumber:7730 (2015) Google Scholar. Note that the strongest top band (indicated by arrow) in the sulphur map belongs to molybdenum because of overlapping of S-K (2.307keV) and Mo-L (2.293keV) lines. Article The cell may be more sensitive to these lower-energy photons. Detailed balance limit of the efficiency of tandem solar-cells. Fully solution-processing route toward highly transparent polymer solar cells. However, the stringent current-matching criterion presents primarily a material challenge and permanently requires developing and processing novel semiconductors with desired bandgaps and thicknesses. The author has contributed to research in topic(s): Spontaneous emission & Light-emitting diode. Shockley and Queisser calculate Qc to be 1700 photons per second per square centimetre for silicon at 300K. CAS For organic solar cells, we followed the model proposed by Dennler et al.14,15 to calculate the efficiency potential for the four types of triple-junction architectures as a function of the bandgaps of three absorbers. Module datasheets normally list this temperature dependency as TNOCT (NOCT - Nominal Operating Cell Temperature). However, one distinct drawback of the series-connected configuration is the stringent current-matching criterion, which requires careful bandgap engineering in combination with an excellent control of the thicknesses of the respective subcells. We began the fabrication of the SP triple-junction devices by designing and processing a semitransparent series-connected double-junction solar cell, as shown in Fig. The Shockley-Queisser limit gives the maximum possible efficiency of a single-junction solar cell under un-concentrated sunlight, as a function of the semiconductor band gap. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in All the individual layers of the solar cell can be clearly distinguished in the scanning TEM (STEM) image without any physical damage. Chao He is an academic researcher from Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the most common design, a high-bandgap solar cell sits on top, absorbing high-energy, shorter-wavelength light, and transmitting the rest. [ This process is known as photoexcitation. Letting ts be 1, and using the values mentioned above of 44%, 77%, and 86.5% for the three factors gives about 29% overall efficiency. & Blom, P. W. M. Device operation of organic tandem solar cells. The thickness of the front perovskite layer is fixed to 200nm which corresponds to the thickness of the optimized reference cells. Mater. ), The rate of generation of electron-hole pairs due to sunlight is. For thick enough materials this can cause significant absorption. where In contrast to smaller gap perovskite devices that perform fairly close to their internal Shockley-Queisser limit, wide gap versions show substantial deficits. By taking this into account, the theoretical efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells was calculated to be 29.4%.[11]. The product of the short-circuit current Ish and the open-circuit voltage Voc Shockley and Queisser call the "nominal power". Electrons can be excited by light as well as by heat. It should be no surprise that there has been a considerable amount of research into ways to capture the energy of the carriers before they can lose it in the crystal structure. Energy Mater. This raises both v and m. Shockley and Queisser include a graph showing the overall efficiency as a function of band gap for various values of f. For a value of 1, the graph shows a maximum efficiency of just over 40%, getting close to the ultimate efficiency (by their calculation) of 44%. These factors include the relative cost per area of solar cells versus focusing optics like lenses or mirrors, the cost of sunlight-tracking systems, the proportion of light successfully focused onto the solar cell, and so on. Energy Environ. These PCE losses are mainly attributed to the relatively low VOC of triple-junction that is close to the top subcells, and this suppression can be readily eliminated by employing high-performance top subcells with VOC matched to the bottom series-connected subcells. Wide bandgap metal halide perovskites materials are of interest for application as top subcells in multijunction devices. The light intensity at each wavelength was calibrated with a standard single-crystal Si solar cell. For both triple-junction solar cells, the bottom series-connected DPPDPP subcells showed VOC values of 1.071.08V, indicating that the solution-processing of the upper layers imposes no negative effect on the established bottom subcells. The most energy efficient ones are those with the lowest amount of spectrum loss. 1 INTRODUCTION. Beiley, Z. M. et al. In the ShockleyQueisser model, the recombination rate depends on the voltage across the cell but is the same whether or not there is light falling on the cell. The ShockleyQueisser limit is calculated by examining the amount of electrical energy that is extracted per photon of incoming sunlight. The most popular solar cell material, silicon, has a less favorable band gap of 1.1 eV, resulting in a maximum efficiency of about 32%. Li, N. et al. We show a material bandgap of 1.82-1.96 eV to allow a limiting 51-57% PCE for a single-junction device under various indoor illuminations. It should be noted that the absorption of the DPP polymer donor shows a red-shift of only 50nm compared with the perovskite and, therefore, we expect a significant enhancement when deeper NIR sensitizers are used as back series-connected tandem cells. Photovoltaics Res. The majority of tandem cells that have been produced to date use three layers, tuned to blue (on top), yellow (middle) and red (bottom). Prog. As the ratio Vc/Vs goes to zero, the open-circuit voltage goes to the band-gap voltage, and as it goes to one, the open-circuit voltage goes to zero. A blackbody at 6000K puts out 7348W per square centimetre, so a value for u of 44% and a value of 5.731018 photons per joule (corresponding to a band gap of 1.09V, the value used by Shockley and Queisser) gives Qs equal to 1.851022 photons per second per square centimetre. 4, 1400084 (2014) . By changing the location of the intermediate band, output current and therefore performance can be changed. In this manuscript, we present an interconnection approach as a technologically attractive solution to address all these challenges. The maximum efficiency of a single-junction solar cell as calculated by the Shockley- Queisser model as a function of bandgap energy. 10.5% efficient polymer and amorphous silicon hybrid tandem photovoltaic cell. Shockley and Queisser give a graph showing m as a function of the ratio zoc of the open-circuit voltage to the thermal voltage Vc. 6) gives a current density of 15.98mAcm2 which is in good agreement with the simulation values (Supplementary Methods for fabrication details). For series-connected tandem solar cells, the essential component is to construct an efficient intermediate layer serving as charge recombination zone for electrons and holes generated from subcells6,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25. This strategy dramatically reduces the material requirements for voltage matching when parallel-connected to the front subcell. Using methods similar to the original ShockleyQueisser analysis with these considerations in mind produces similar results; a two-layer cell can reach 42% efficiency, three-layer cells 49%, and a theoretical infinity-layer cell 68% in non-concentrated sunlight.[5]. Recombination places an upper limit on the rate of production; past a certain rate there are so many holes in motion that new electrons will never make it to the p-n junction. It applies to most solar cell designs in the world, except for "tandem solar cells" and some additional obscure exceptions (discussed at the end of the document). Electron. A cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a SP triple-junction solar cell is shown in Fig. Figure 6b shows the measured JV curves of the experimentally constructed hybrid triple-junction solar cell and the corresponding subcells. In our SP triple-junction devices, the top cell is connected in parallel with the bottom series-tandem cell which gives a VOC of 1.1V. To match the voltage between the parallel-connected components and thereby maximize the overall efficiency, a top cell with a VOC value identical or close to the VOC of the bottom series-tandem cell is desired. On the cleaned substrates, PEDOT:PSS (Clevious P VP Al 4083, 1:3 vol.% diluted in isopropanol) was firstly bladed and annealed at 140C for 5min to obtain a layer thickness of 40nm. Optical simulations are performed to predict the efficiency potential of different types of triple-junction configurations. c According to the authors, this ratio is well approximated by ln(fQs/Qc), where f is the combination of factors fsfts/(2tc), in which f is the solid angle of the sun divided by . c 2). and Y.H. Enjoy! J. A generic concept to overcome bandgap limitations for designing highly efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells. ( Although efficiencies exceeding 15% have been frequently reported, it is widely acknowledged that the moderate bandgap of 1.55eV offers enormous potential to further enhance the device efficiency by using multi-junction configurations39,40. Beiley, Z. M. & McGehee, M. D. Modeling low cost hybrid tandem photovoltaics with the potential for efficiencies exceeding 20%. The sunlight intensity is a parameter in the ShockleyQueisser calculation, and with more concentration, the theoretical efficiency limit increases somewhat. The hybrid triple-junction device perovskite/DPPDPP exhibits a high current density of 18.51mAcm2 with about 2mAcm2 contributed from the back DPPDPP subcells. One of the main loss mechanisms is due to the loss of excess carrier energy above the bandgap. 2b. gratefully acknowledge the financial support through the Aufbruch Bayern initiative of the state of Bavaria. We propose to deposit a transparent counter electrode and parallel-connect these semitransparent high-efficiency cells with one or more deep NIR sensitizers as back subcells. B. et al. Modern commercial mono-crystalline solar cells produce about 24% conversion efficiency, the losses due largely to practical concerns like reflection off the front of the cell and light blockage from the thin wires on the cell surface. [12] According to Shockley-Quiesser limit, solar cell efficiency of semiconductors depend on the band gap of the material. Tang, J. et al. J. Appl. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum location for intermediate band in the middle of band gap of an ideal solar cell for maximum performance. Figure 5c,d show the typical JV curves of the constructed triple-junction solar cells, DPPDPP/PCDTBT and DPPDPP/OPV12, along with the constituent subcells, respectively. To install the Shockley-Queisser limit calculator: just download it: 25, 70207026 (2013) . Supplementary Figures 1-7, Supplementary Notes 1-2, Supplementary Methods and Supplementary References (PDF 476 kb), This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. For a zoc of 32.4, we find zm equal to 29.0. Environmentally printing efficient organic tandem solar cells with high fill factors: a guideline towards 20% power conversion efficiency. For example, a planar thermal upconverting platform can have a front surface that absorbs low-energy photons incident within a narrow angular range, and a back surface that efficiently emits only high-energy photons. To obtain Interface 6, 1825118257 (2014) . Through a rational interface layer design, triple-junction devices with all solution-processed intermediate layers achieved PCEs of 5.4% with FFs of up to 68%. Prog. In silicon the conduction band is about 1.1 eV away from the valence band, this corresponds to infrared light with a wavelength of about 1.1microns. Figure 6a shows the calculated JSC distribution of the three subcells of the hybrid triple-junction device as a function of the thicknesses of the back two DPP cells. Colloidal PbS quantum dot solar cells with high fill factor. (b) Contour plot of current density distribution of the entire triple-junction devices (DPPDPP/PCDTBT) as a function of the thicknesses of bottom DPP:PC60BM layers. ] Nat. The Shockley-Queisser-Limit is a limit of light-based devices. 5) and the values calculated by integrating the EQE curve with standard AM1.5 G spectrum show a good agreement with the measured JSC values. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Transmittance spectra of the intermediate layers and semitransparent devices were measured using a UVvis-NIR spectrometer (Lambda 950, from Perkin Elmer). In a cell at room temperature, this represents approximately 7% of all the energy falling on the cell. 13, 839846 (1980) . Commun. Q Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. The hybrid triple-junction solar cell was assembled by stacking a series-connected opaque DPPDPP as back subcell with a semitransparent perovskite device as front subcell. Here, we explore how thin-film photovoltaic materials with different bandgaps, absorption properties, and thicknesses, perform as IPV devices. A wide variety of optical systems can be used to concentrate sunlight, including ordinary lenses and curved mirrors, fresnel lenses, arrays of small flat mirrors, and luminescent solar concentrators. The calculations assume that the only recombination is radiative. 4, 36233630 (2013) . This process reduces the efficiency of the cell. The liftout sample was prepared using a focused ion beam (FIB, FEI Helios NanoLab 660) and imaged subsequently with the TITAN3 aberration-corrected TEM. Recently, indoor photovoltaics have gained research attention due to their potential applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) sector and most of the devices in moder If, however, the intense light heats up the cell, which often occurs in practice, the theoretical efficiency limit may go down all things considered. [3] That is, of all the power contained in sunlight (about 1000 W/m2) falling on an ideal solar cell, only 33.7% of that could ever be turned into electricity (337 W/m2). Taking Kirchhoffs law into consideration, these circumstances lead to the VOC values of our triple-junction cells close to the top subcells which exhibited lower VOC. Chem. Adv. (At that value, 22% of the blackbody radiation energy would be below the band gap.) Nano Lett. In real parallel-connected solar cells, however, the VOC of the tandem cells can be close either to the subcell with high VOC or to the subcell with low VOC depending on the series resistance of the subcells37. When there is a load, then V will not be zero and we have a current equal to the rate of generation of pairs due to the sunlight minus the difference between recombination and spontaneous generation: The open-circuit voltage is therefore given (assuming fc does not depend on voltage) by. The scale bar, 200nm. We have, therefore, additionally introduced a thin N-PEDOT layer between the ZnO and AgNWs to realize the second intermediate layer consisting of ZnO/N-PEDOT/AgNWs (second intermediate layer). F.G. and N.L. 26, 56705677 (2014) . Christoph J. Brabec. Mater. Centurioni, E. Generalized matrix method for calculation of internal light energy flux in mixed coherent and incoherent multilayers. 3.1 Introduction 28. When an electron is ejected through photoexcitation, the atom it was formerly bound to is left with a net positive charge. The light grey dashed lines indicate the numerical addition of the bottom series-tandem subcells and the top subcell. We present data for devices that feature a single-tip electrode contact and an array with 24 tips (total planar area of 1 1 m2)capableof generating a current density of 17 mA cm-2 under illumination of AM1.5 G. In summary, the BPVE . J. Appl. An efficient solution-processed intermediate layer for facilitating fabrication of organic multi-junction solar cells. While the reduced light intensity filtered by the front DPPDPP subcells further slightly decreased the VOC of the back PCDTBT:PC70BM or OPV12:PC60BM subcells by a value of 0.030.05V. For solar cells with ideal diode characteristics, the VOC of the parallel-connected tandem cells would be strictly restricted by the subcell, which delivers low VOC. The slightly lower FFs for the devices fabricated on AgNWs as compared with the ITO counterparts can be ascribed to the higher series resistance (RS), probably resulting from the contact resistance between the AgNWs and ZnO. Finally, to complete the device fabrication, a 15-nm-thick MoOX and 100-nm-thick Ag were thermally evaporated on top of PCDTBT:PC70BM through a shadow mask with an opening of 10.4mm2. If the band gap is large, not as many photons create pairs, whereas if the band gap is small, the electron-hole pairs do not contain as much energy. A typical current density versus voltage (JV) characteristic of the as-prepared semitransparent tandem solar cells (Fig. This is why the efficiency falls if the cell heats up. }, (Shockley and Queisser take fc to be a constant, although they admit that it may itself depend on voltage. Tandem polymer solar cells featuring a spectrally matched low-bandgap polymer. 3, 15971605 (2013) . One can then use the formula. A major loss factor is related to the energy mismatch between the broad wavelength distribution of sunlight and the mono-band gap of . I The benefit of this series/parallel (SP) multi-junction design is based on the fact thatfirst, the absorber layer of the front semitransparent hero cell can be made arbitrarily thick (as there is no requirement for current matching), so that this subcell can achieve almost the same efficiency as the opaque single-junction reference. (a) Simulated current density distribution of the three subcells as a function of the thicknesses of bottom two DPP:PC60BM layers. It is important to note that the analysis of Shockley and Queisser was based on the following assumptions: None of these assumptions is necessarily true, and a number of different approaches have been used to significantly surpass the basic limit. Chem. Taking the photocurrent of the top subcell PCDTBT:PC70BM into consideration, the resulting contour plot of the current density distribution of the entire triple-junction solar cells as a function of the thicknesses of two DPP:PC60BM layers is depicted in Fig. For a "blackbody" at normal temperatures, a very small part of this radiation (the number per unit time and per unit area given by Qc, "c" for "cell") is photons having energy greater than the band gap (wavelength less than about 1.1microns for silicon), and part of these photons (Shockley and Queisser use the factor tc) are generated by recombination of electrons and holes, which decreases the amount of current that could be generated otherwise. ADS All the authors commented on the manuscript. t When the voltage is non-zero, the concentrations of charge carriers (electrons and holes) change (see Shockley diode equation), and according to the authors the rate of recombination changes by a factor of exp(V/Vc), where Vc is the voltage equivalent of the temperature of the cell, or "thermal voltage", namely. The EQE measurement of a prepared semitransparent perovskite cell (Supplementary Fig. The first intermediate layers, ZnO and N-PEDOT:PSS, were sequentially bladed at 50C and annealed at 80C for 5min in air and the obtained layer thickness for both layers is 35nm. PC60BM (99.5%) and PC70BM (99%) were purchased from Solenne BV. These cells require the use of semiconductors that can be tuned to specific frequencies, which has led to most of them being made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) compounds, often germanium for red, GaAs for yellow, and GaInP2 for blue. (A) Breakdown of the different loss processes leading to the band gap-dependent Shockley-Queisser limit for single junction solar cells (out, dark blue). Sun, S. Y. et al. To verify the compatibility of the two wide bandgap donors with the AgNW electrode, single-junction reference cells of PCDTBT:PC70BM and OPV12:PC60BM were first processed on both indium tin oxide (ITO) and AgNWs-coated glass substrates for comparison (Fig. Mater. K.F. In addition, 23.14%-efficient all-perovskite tandem solar cells are further obtained by pairing this PSC with a wide-bandgap (1.74 eV) top cell. (b) Transmittance spectra of the two intermediate layers used in the SP triple-junction solar cells. In the Shockley-Quiesser limit, 100% light absorption is assumed above the band gap of the material. Guo, F. et al. Am. A generic concept to overcome bandgap limitations for designing highly efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells. A single material can show dierent eective bandgap, set by its absorption spectrum, which depends on its photonic structure. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. We discuss how energy conservation alone fundamentally limits the BPVE to a bandgap-dependent value that exceeds the Shockley Queisser limit only for very small bandgaps. Snaith, H. J. Perovskites: the emergence of a new era for low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells. Sci. These include recombination at defects and grain boundaries. Here we report a generic concept to alleviate this limitation. & Peumans, P. Solution-processed metal nanowire mesh transparent electrodes. The Shockley-Queisser limit is the maximum photovoltaic efficiency obtained for a solar cell with respect to the absorber bandgap. As discussed above, photons with energy below the bandgap are wasted in ordinary single-junction solar cells. It is used for semiconductors to generate electricity, as a result of solar radiation. Based on the convenient solution-processing along with the impressive high FFs, we expect that significant enhancement in efficiency can be achieved by exploiting high-performance wide bandgap materials with matched VOC in the back subcell. The factor of 2 was included on the assumption that radiation emitted by the cell goes in both directions. Therefore, the ShockleyQueisser calculation takes radiative recombination into account; but it assumes (optimistically) that there is no other source of recombination. Li, W. W., Furlan, A., Hendriks, K. H., Wienk, M. M. & Janssen, R. A. J. Detailed balance limit of efficiency of pn junction solar cells. Nano Lett. Kim, J. Y. et al. Funct. Limiting solar cell efficiency as a function of the material bandgap for one-sun illumination. In fact this expression represents the thermodynamic upper limit of the amount of work that can be obtained from a heat source at the temperature of the sun and a heat sink at the temperature of the cell. Nat. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Guo, F., Li, N., Fecher, F. et al. 3. Soc. Consequently, the top subcells showed steeper slopes at Vbias>VOC compared with the bottom subcells. 5, 91739179 (2012) . Google Scholar. This is due to the fact that the charge injections in the top subcells are higher than in the bottom subcells at Vbias>VOC. This study supports the feasibility of doping trivalent ions into the Sn . Nevertheless, these results in combination with the high FFs of up to 68% eventually suggest that the engineered intermediate layers have efficiently coupled the three cells into triple-junction with an integrated SP interconnection. In practice, the choice of whether or not to use light concentration is based primarily on other factors besides the small change in solar cell efficiency. "Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells", "Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells), How They Work", "Photon Collection Efficiency of Fluorescent Solar Collectors", "Microsystems Enabled Photovoltaics, Sandia National Laboratories", "Hot Carrier Solar Cell: Implementation of the Ultimate Photovoltaic Converter", "Peak External Photocurrent Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in a Quantum Dot Solar Cell", "External Quantum Efficiency Above 100% in a Singlet-Exciton-FissionBased Organic Photovoltaic Cell", "Sunovia, EPIR Demonstrate Optical Down-Conversion For Solar Cells", "Theoretical limits of thermophotovoltaic solar energy conversion", Reproduction of the ShockleyQueisser calculation (PDF), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ShockleyQueisser_limit&oldid=1137475907, Articles with dead external links from January 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, One electronhole pair excited per incoming photon, Thermal relaxation of the electronhole pair energy in excess of the band gap, Illumination with non-concentrated sunlight. Adv. The semitransparent perovskite (mixed halide CH3NH3PbI3xClx) solar cells with a device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Perovskite/PC60BM/ZnO/AgNWs (Supplementary Fig. J. Phys. Commun. [9]), The rate of generation of electron-hole pairs not due to incoming sunlight stays the same, so recombination minus spontaneous generation is, I [1] The limit is one of the most fundamental to solar energy production with photovoltaic cells, and is considered to be one of the most important contributions in the field.[2]. Choosing the best location in terms of solar cell energy gap and how to change . Indeed, independent measurement of the AgNW electrode employed in the current study shows an average visible transmittance of 90% (Fig. We would like to thank Cambrios Technology Corporation, Dr Mathieu Turbiez from BASF and Dr Norman Lchinger from Nanograde for the supply of AgNWs, DPP and ZnO dispersion, respectively. This means that during the finite time while the electron is moving forward towards the p-n junction, it may meet a slowly moving hole left behind by a previous photoexcitation. In a traditional solid-state semiconductor such as silicon, a solar cell is made from two doped crystals, one an n-type semiconductor, which has extra free electrons, and the other a p-type semiconductor, which is lacking free electrons, referred to as "holes." Adv. Chem. We chose a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based low bandgap polymer pDPP5T-2 (abbreviated as DPP) blended with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) as the photoactive layer of the two front subcells16,17, because the main absorption of this heterojunction extends to the near-infrared range with an absorption minimum between 450 and 650nm (Supplementary Fig. Chen, C. C. et al. High-performance semitransparent perovskite solar cells with solution-processed silver nanowires as top electrodes. Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nrnberg, Martensstrasse 7, Erlangen, 91058, Germany, Fei Guo,Ning Li,Nicola Gasparini,Cesar Omar Ramirez Quiroz,Carina Bronnbauer,Yi Hou,Karen Forberich&Christoph J. Brabec, Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern), Haberstrasse 2a, Erlangen, 91058, Germany, Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nrnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. Adv. The theory is described by W. Shockley and H. J. Queisser in Journal of Applied Physics 32 (1961). This leads to a higher interest in lowering the bandgap of perovskite. Zuo, L. J. et al. 5a, illustrating the interplay of the photocurrent generation in the three subcells. Using an AM 1.5 solar spectrum, a solar cell with an ideal band gap light absorber (band gap, Eg = 1.4 eV) could have an upper limit on PCE of 33.7%, 6 i.e., a maximum electrical power generation of 337 W m2. Secondly, reflectance of the material is non-zero, therefore absorbance cannot be 100% above the band gap. Kim, T. et al. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Since the act of moving an electron from the valence band to the conduction band requires energy, only photons with more than that amount of energy will produce an electron-hole pair. A more recent reference gives, for a single-junction cell, a theoretical peak performance of about 33.7%, or about 337 W/m2 in AM1.5.[1][10]. Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus. This is a feasible approach as there are indeed several types of far NIR semiconductors like organic donors10,11 and quantum dots12,13 with an extended absorption beyond 1,000nm. V 16.8% Monolithic all-perovskite triple-junction solar cells via a universal two-step solution process, The role of the third component in ternary organic solar cells, The Influence of Solar Spectrum and Concentration Factor on the Material Choice and the Efficiency of Multijunction Solar Cells, Efficient two-terminal all-perovskite tandem solar cells enabled by high-quality low-bandgap absorber layers, High fabrication yield organic tandem photovoltaics combining vacuum- and solution-processed subcells with 15% efficiency, Perovskiteorganic tandem solar cells with indium oxide interconnect, Opportunities and challenges for tandem solar cells using metal halide perovskite semiconductors, Charge carrier-selective contacts for nanowire solar cells, Next-generation applications for integrated perovskite solar cells, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Impact of Operating Temperature and Solar Concentration on the Conversion Efficiency of InGaP/InGaAs/Ge Hybrid Triple-Junction Solar Cell, Mixed 2D-DionJacobson/3D Sn-Pb alloyed perovskites for efficient photovoltaic solar devices, Bidirectional photocurrent in pn heterojunction nanowires, Observation of mixed types of energy gaps in some IIVI semiconductors nanostructured films: towards enhanced solar cell performance, The fabrication of color-tunable organic light-emitting diode displays via solution processing.