Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. 1. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. 22. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. Treatment. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. Homeostasis (article) | Human body systems | Khan Academy Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. As we grow older, we sleep less. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Signs and Symptoms | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Confusion. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). People sleep better in cooler temperatures. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. c++ - What is internal state? - Stack Overflow This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere.